[Page1] <>THE <>{@STUDENT'S <>ENGLISH-SANSKRIT <>DICTIONARY@} <>BY <>{@VAMAN SHIVRAM APTE,@} M. A., <>{%Author of the $(CPr(Bactical$(D a(Bnd $(CSt(Budent's$(D S(Banskrit-English <>Dictionaries, $(CSt(Budent's Guide to Sanskrit <>Composition$(D%}(B {??}{%c.%} {??}{%c.,%} <>LATE PRINCIPAL AND PROFESSOR OF <>SANSKRIT FERGUSSON COLLEGE <>{|POONA|} <>Indologiscries Seminal <>der Universita7t Bonn <>MOTILAL BANARSIDASS <>DELHI:: PATNA :: VARANASI [Page2] <>MOTILAL BANARSIDASS <>Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-7. <>Chowk, Varanasi-1 (U. P.) <>Ashok Raj Path, Patna-4 (Bihar) <>{@Sixth Edition <>1969 <>Price Rs. 8-00@} <>PRINTED IN INDIA <>By Shantilal Jain, at Shri Jainendra Press, Bungalow Road, Jawaharnagar, <>Delhi-7, and published by Sundarlal Jain, Motilal Banarsidass, Bungalow <>Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-7. <>{@Publisher's Preface to the Third Edition.@} <>

In preparing this edition, extreme care has been taken to <>make a thorough revision of the book, the main features of <>which are:-- <>

(a) Over a thousand new words frequently occurring in <>the English literature but not given in the previous editions <>have now been added with their appropriate Sanskrit <>equivalents. <>

(b) In some cases, Sanskrit equivalents of words in senses <>other than those given in the earlier editions have been supplied. <>

(c) Words similar in form but different in sense, and also <>their derivatives were mixed u in the earlier editions to save <>space. But as this was found to interfere greatly with clear- <>-ness and facility of reference they have now been separately <>given in some cases to remedy the inconvenience. <>

(d) The feminine forms of adjectives ending in {#t, n,#} and <>{#s#} which are regularly formed by the simple addition of {#I#} were <>given in the previous editions in the case of the first three <>letters, and then discontinued. They have now been deleted <>throughout. <>

In making these changes, the original plan of the learned <>author has been strictly followed. <>

These additions and alterations will be found to have con- <>-aiderably added to the usefulness of the book, and it is hoped that <>in its present form, it will be more helpful to the student world. [Page3] <>{@PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.@} <>

When I prepared $(CTh(Be Student's Hand-Book of Progressive <>Exercises, $(DPa(Brt II., I thought of adding to it a glossary of <>difficult words and expressions in the Exercises. When this <>was done, an idea occurred that the Glossary should be made <>to include all words of ordinary occurrence, such as are given <>in small School-Dictionaries. When the revision of the sheets <>thus written out commenced, and when they were put to a <>practical test, it was found that several words and expressions <>had still been left out. I, then, resolved to prepare an English- <>-Sanskrit Dictionary as complete as possible, and the following <>pages are the result. The Dictionary has thus passed through <>different stages, and has assumed this form, far exceeding the <>limits which I had first assigned to it. <>

Much need not, I think, be said with regard to the necessity <>of a work like this. In these days of literary activity, when <>the attention of students is drawn more and more to the study <>of Sanskrit, it is necessary that all appliances should be ready <>before them to facilitate this study. There are one or two <>small Sanskrit-English Dictionaries, though not quite adequate <>to meet the wants of advanced students of Sanskrit, but there <>is no English-Sanskrit Dictionary such as will be within their <>easy reach. The Dictionaries of this description that I know <>of, are two in number:-one by Professor Monier Williams, and <>another by Mr. Anundoram Borooah of Calcutta. Both these <>Dictionaries, though valuable in themselves, are not accesible <>to the student, the prices being prohibitively high. But there <>are other considerations which make these works not quite <>adapted to his wants. Professor Monier Williams' Dictionary, <>having been compiled nearly 35 years ago, chiefly by inverting <>the then existing Sanskrit-English Dictionaries, is naturally <>open to the fault of being often not {%practical.%} As he says in <>the Preface to his Dictionary, he proceeded to translate <>Webster's Dictionary systematically into Sanskrit, omitting <>words, phrases &c. of which no classical equivalent could be <>found or suggested. The result has been that many of his <>synonyms appear more as coined words than classical expres- <>-sions used by standard Sanskrit authors. With regard to words <>collected in Lexicons, such as Amarakosha, Medini, Sabdakal- <>-padruma, there is no difficulty; but in the case of those words <>and expressions which can only be suggested by a careful study <>of the usage of the best authors, the work, in my humble opin- <>-ion, falls short of one's expectations. Mr. Anundoram Borooah's <>work is eminently {%practical:%} it abounds with quotations from <>several standard authors; the renderings are generally happy, <>and the work has, at least, a classical appearance. The <>fondness for giving quotations has induced the writer to give <>several quotations for illustrating such words as {#gama, iti, tatra, vada#} <>&c., of the meanings of which there is no doubt nor is any <>confirmation needed. But one great defect of his otherwise <>very useful work is that it gives too few equivalents. He has <>pursued the course of referring one word to another, but <>this is, in some cases, carried to such an extent, that <>when a word, as directed, is referred to another, that <>again is referred to some other word of a synonymous <>nature, which in its turn is referred to another till the <>reader returns to the original word, apparently without <>having his labours rewarded. A study of Mr. Borooah's work <>is a good treat for an advanced Sanskrit scholar, but will not, <>I believe, satisfy the student. From considerations like these <>I thought I should be doing some service to the Sanskrit read- <>-ing public, if I compiled an English-Sanskrit Dictionary <>adapted to the wants of the student. The foregoing remarks <>are made not with the view of detracting from the high and <>acknowledged merits of the two works but solely to indicate <>the line I have followed, and the object I have had in compil- <>-ing this work. <>

Some words are now necsesary as to the plan and scope of <>the Dictionary. When I resolved to make this Dictionary as <>complete as possible, consistently with its aim of being useful <>for the student, I took the latest edition of Webster's Complete <>Dictionary, and taking that as my basis, proceeded with the <>work of compilation. As I advanced, I found that several <>words, phrases and expressions and several senses of single <>words, could not be adeqately represented in Sanskrit, so as to <>appear like Sanskrit, either because the words &c. were purely <>technical and referred to specific ideas in subjects, such as <>Chemistry, Botany, Medicine, Psychology, Law, Engineering <>&c., or were such as had no corresponding ideas in Sanskrit and <>were peculiar to the English language. Words of this nature [Page4] <>are numerous in Webste's Dictionary, and I have omitted <>them, including also obsolete and rare words or senses of words- <>-Several words of obvious signification, $(Asu(Bch as those formed <>by the prefixes$(B {(B%$(Ain$(B (Bmis$(B (Bpre$(B (Bun,$(B%}(B are also omitted, as <>they may be easily formed from their second member. But the <>general terms of all sciences have been included, and of <>technical terms such as could be duly represented by Sanskrit <>equivalents actually existing in the language of by short, <>wieldy new combinations of words have been inserted. Of <>this description are words like Telegram, Democrat, Society, <>Literature, Address (of a letter) and several other words which <>have a peeuliar sense in English and have to be translated by <>inventing equivalents. English. like many other languages, has <>so many expressions and idioms peculiar to itself, so many shades <>and nice distinctions of meaning, and so many new formations <>of words, progressing with the progress of the language, that it <>would be impossible to embrace them all in an English-Sanskrit <>Dictionary, even if it were the most comprehensive work, much <>more so, in a work designed principally for students. Take the <>words Line, Pass, Strong. Webster gives 21 senses under <>$(ALi(Bne$(B (B13 under$(B P(Bass ({%v. i.%}) $(Aan(Bd 20 under$(B S(Btrong$(B S(Bome <>of these are technical$(B a(Bnd some are not {%different%} senses as <>such, but shades of meaning or particularities of use; most of <>which may be translated by the words given for. the general <>sense$(B ((B{%see%} the words)$(B I(B have not thought it desirable, like <>Professor Monier Williams, to insert words the English <>explanation of which has to be systematically translated, in <>order to give some idea of their meaning. $(AIn(Bdian-rubber$(B i(Bs <>translated by {#atisthitisthApakaviziSTo bhAratadezIyavRkSaniryAsaH;#} $(ASh(Buttle cock$(B <(B>by {#laghugulikAvizeSaH yo vinodArthaM daMDAhato bhUtvA itastataH prakSipyateH#} and many <>others of this nature, which can be translated by {#vizeSaH#} $(Aa (Bkind <>of tree$(B f(Blower, fruit$(B &(Bc. Such words may be retained by the <>student in their English form, or their meaning may be <>translated if he desire to have them in a Sanskrit garb. {#spaMjaH#} <>$(ASp(Bonge, $(A{#(BdyukaH#}$(B D(Buke, $(A{#(BsAvanaM#}$(B S(Boap,$(B {(B#lATinaM#} $(ALa(Btinity$(B ((Bas given <>by Mr. Borroah) may, I think, be very safely omitted even in <>a comprehensive Dictionary. <>

To turn now to the plan and arrangement of the work. <>The most striking feature of the arrangement is that a <>word in its different parts of speech, compound words <>derived from it, derivatives formed from it either regularly, <>by means of terminations ({%e. g.%} ed, ing, ly, ness &c.) [Page5] <>or irregularly, have been given together, the derivatives be- <>-ing arranged in order under the root or primitive word, <>by means of small black dashes. The dashes are <>intended to at once strike the eye and to direct it to the <>word after it; and when the $(Cdi(Brections to the student$(D a(Bre <>remembered, there, will, I believe, be no difficulty in referring <>words to the Dictionary. The principle of the arrangement is <>to give words according to the root-system; words regularly <>derived will, of course, be referred in their proper places; but <>words formed from the radical irregularly should also be refer- <>-red under that radical. $(AAb(Bstemious.$(B s(Bhould be referred under <>$(AAb(Bstain,$(B (BPerception$(B u(Bnder, $(APe(Brceive, $(ADe(Bath,$(B (BDead,$(B <(B>under $(ADi(Be,$(B (BStrength$(B &(Bc., under $(ASt(Brong,$(B (BWould,$(B u(Bnder <>$(AWi(Bll,$(B a(Bnd so on; where it is not likely for the student to <>know where such words are given, reference is made to those <>places; {%e. g.%} see Material, Sight. One of the greatest advant- <>-ages of the system has been practically, (whatever it may be <>theoretically) to effect a very large saving of space. To give <>the reader an idea of the vast saving effected by this system, <>it may be stated that, if the words in their different parts of <>speech and their compounds and derivatives were separately <>given, as in Monier Williams$(B D(Bictionary, they would cover <>nearly 800 pages of this size, or 1, 000 of the size, style of print- <>-ing, &c. of Monier Williams$(B D(Bictionary. Besides, by giving <>the words $(ADe(Bad$(B (BDeath$(B u(Bnder $(ADi(Be, $(Aa (Bconsiderable <>repetition of words is avoided. About 20 equivalents are given <>for $(ADi(Be,$(B a(Bnd only a few are given for $(ADe(Bad; the rest can be <>formed in the same way from the roots immediately above; if it <>were given in its usual place, all words would have to be given <>or a reference made to $(ADi(Be.$(B M(By chief aim has been to give a <>good deal of matter in a small space, and this object is, I <>believe, considerably secured, as shown by the figures given <>above; and I have thus been enabled to give this book to the <>public at a cheap price. <>

The next point to be noticed is the number of equivalents <>that are given for a word. I believe that in an English- <>-Sanskrit Dictionary, it is sufficient to give such words only as <>are of very frequent occurrence in Sanskrit authors. It cannot <>include all words in the language, and even if it could, it <>would be of no great use, since many of the words would be <>found to be very rarely used. The word $(AGo(Bld$(B h(Bas over 50 <>synonyms given for it in the different lexicons; $(ASu(Bn$(B h(Bas [Page6] <>nearly a hundred. But it will easily be seen that, excepting <>some, the synonyms are either combinations of simple words, <>or are descriptive epithets. Of this class are the words <>{#vakrapucchaH, lalajivhaH, rAtrijAgaraH,#} for $(ADo(Bg.$(B M(Br. Borooah in his <>Dictionary has given only a few equivalents, in some in stances, <>only one, where there were 5 most commonly used; Prof. <>Williams has very often given too many equivalents, grouping <>together common and rare, synonyms proper and epithets. In <>the former case the student will hardly have any room left for <>choosing his word, while in the latter, he will be at a loss to <>see which to choose. In giving equivalents in this Dictionary, <>whether for Substantives, Adjectives, Adverbs or Verbs, I have <>endeavoured to strike a middle course between these two <>courses, and, have kept one principle steadily in view: to give <>such words as are found frequently used in the works of <>standard authors. The equivalents are arranged in the order <>of their frequency of use; and the students, in his ordinary <>prose composition, would do well to make his selection from <>the first few equivalents enumerated. In the case of Verbs it <>has not been possible to maintain this principle with perfect <>accaracy in every case, but it is generally maintained. It is <>only in a few cases of substantives that I have gone the length <>of giving all words enumerated in the Amarakosha; and in the <>case of names of material substances, names of plants and <>trees that have been identified, and in a few others, all the <>words given in the Amarakosha have been here incorporated. <>care being taken to arrange them in the order of their useful- <>-ness. Similarly such Genders, Padas or Conjugations are <>given as will be found generally used; I have very rarely given <>all possible ones. It has not been thought necessary to give the <>3rd person singular, Present tense, nor all possible derivatives <>from simple words; they will have, if necessary, to be made up <>according to the $(CDi(Brections$(D a(Bfterwards given. In giving <>equivalents for a word in its different senses, it has also not <>been thought necessary to give the meanings in English, except <>where it was necessary to note a particular sense. One word <>in Sanskrit often represents several meanings in English, and <>to render them into Sanskrit, the Sanskrit word has to be <>repeated. This accounts for the repetition of some Sanskrit <>words under different meanings. <>

In will be noticed that there are several sentences given to <>illustrate the meanings of words, some of which are quotations [Page7] <>from standard authors, as will be readily seen from the <>references given after them; but many of the phrases and <>sentences that are translated, and are not supported by any <>authority, are taken from the $(CSt(Budent's Hand-Book of <>Progressive Exercises,$(D P(Bart II. I deemed it essential to illust- <>-rate, in some cases at least, the {%construction%} of the equivalents <>given, wherever it was peculiar in Sanskrit; and I thought I <>could do this better if I gave sentences from classical authors <>instead of framing them myself. The quotations have become <>quite necessary in those cases where equivalents have been <>here suggested for the first time; I thought I should produce my <>vouchers for a particular word that I suggested rather than <>leave the reader in doubt as to its genuineness. In a few cases the <>English or Sanskrit sentences are closely translated; in a few <>others only such parts of the Sanskrit sentences are translated <>as are sufficient to illustrate the word intended to be illustrat- <>-ed, while in severa1l cases, Sanskrit sentences alone are given <>which might be readily understood by the student On a reference <>to the names of works or authors drawn upon for quotations, <>it will be found that the list is not very comprehensive; several <>large and useful works have been left out, and works falling <>in the range of classical literature excluded. But my principal <>aim in giving quotations has been to supply the student with <>good expressions from works {%within his easy reach%} so that he might <>study, if necessary. the particular places referred to. Kalidasa's <>works and Bana's Kadambari are more frequently drawn upon <>than the Ramayana, the Mahabhharata, the Naishadha or the <>Maha10viracharita. <>

An attempt has been made to avoid as much unneccessary <>repetition as was possible, without marring the usefulness of <>the work. A Dictionary is necessarily a work of repetition; <>several words have to be unavoidably repeated, howsoever un- <>-willing one might be to do so. I have thought it necessary to <>make reference under some words to preceding or succeeding <>parts of the Dictionary, chiefly with the view of avoiding <>repetition; but in such cases a few equivalents are given, and <>the student is told to follow out the reference, if he want to <>know more about the word. Take, for instance, the words, <>Beguile, Cheat, Deceive, Delude, Defraud, Impose upon, Take <>in; or Blame, Censure, Reprove, Reproach, Scold, Reprimand, <>Reprehend; or Path, Road, Way: these words, whatever be their <>shades of meaning in English, are, when represented in [Page8] <>Sanskrit, almost synonymous, and may be conveniently <>represented by the same words. If ten or fifteen equivalents <>under one of these words, say, Cheat. Censure, or Way, are <>given, it would be unnecessary to repeat all of them again <>under the synonymous words. In all such cases, therefore, <>references have been made to some general word under which <>are given all the equivalents. In a few cases the reference has <>been made, not for any equivalents, but for any expressions, <>phrases, idioms &c. that may have been given under the <>principal word. In no case will the student have to refer to <>the Dictionary {%more than twice.%} <>

In a work which professes to deal with the phrases and <>expressions of the English Language, the writer cannot afford <>to disregard the several small useful proverbs, mottoes, or other <>expressions which have become proverbial. I have, with this <>view, inserted, under some principal word therein, such <>proverbs &c., and have given exact or approximate equivalents, <>wherever they existed in Sanskrit, and have in a few cases <>given my own translation of them. Of this nature are proverbs <>given under Bush, Handsome, Make, Oil Race, Something, <>Suffer, Touch &c. <>

With regard to the method of writing the Sanskrit equival- <>-ents, an objection might possibly be raised. Throughout the <>work the usual practice of representing every anusvara in the <>body of a word by its corresponding nasals has been rejected <>and the anusvara sign is invariably used, where usually a <>nasal would stand. I have not been able to understand the <>principle on which scholars reject this system and betake <>themselves solely to the other; though the anusvara system is <>most convenient in printing, and occasionally saves much <>misunderstanding. Besides, it is a practice generally followed <>in our old Manuscripts, and is sanctioned by Panini as being <>optional. For these reasons I have scrupulously followed it in <>this Dictionary, but more especially because it is very conveni- <>-ent in printing. The rules of Sandhi, to make the words <>clearly intelligible, are not in all cases strictly observed. <>

It now remains for me to do the grateful duty of acknow- <>-ledging my obligations to those that have assisted me in the <>preparation of the Dictionary in one form or another. <>Foremost among them stand the works of Mr. Borooah and <>Prof. Williams, both of which I have most frequently consult- [Page9] <>-ed. Monier Williams$(B D(Bictionary, though inferior in several <>respects to Mr. Borooah's, has several happy renderings of <>short words and expressions, especially where ideas, purely <>English, have to be clothed in a Sanskrit garb, and I have freely <>consulted his Dictionary for such renderings. I have also <>frequently referred to the learned Professor's valuable Sanskrit- <>-English Dictionary; for both of which my sincere thanks are <>due to him. But my acknowledgments are chiefly due to Mr. <>Borooah, from whose work I have derived much substantial <>assistance, in the suggestion of equivalents for words or <>phrases, more particularly from his numerous quotations, and <>therein again, quotations from such works as were not <>accessible to me, or being accessible, I had no time at my <>disposal sufficient to go through them. I have also had to <>keep constantly by my side, the useful Sanskrit Lexicon-the <>Kosha of Amarasimha-made more useful by the edition <>published by the Department of Public Instruction, Bombay. <>In giving illustrative sentences from classical Authors, I have <>used annotations or translations wherever they existed, and <>have derived hints from them and have occasionally adopted <>their translation. My thanks are due to all annotators, editors <>or translators of such works. I have to thank$(B s(Bincerely Prof. <>R. G. Bhandarkar, M. A. Deccan College, Poona, who kindly <>proposed suitable equivalents for some difficult words and <>phrases which were referred to him. I have also to thank my <>friend, Mr. Ganesh Krishna Garde. L. M. & S., for having <>supplied me with accurate equivalents for some knotty and <>technical terms in Medicine, from books and sources which <>I had no time to reach, and which even if I had time to reach <>and use, I could not, unaided by him, turn to much practical <>account. Lastly, my thanks are due to several kind and <>obliging friends who assisted me either in collecting materials <>for the Dictionary, or in carrying it through the Press. <>

In conclusion, I trust that the Dictionary will be useful <>not only to those for whose use it is principally prepared, but <>to the general public also who may wish to avail themselves <>of appliances calculated to help the study of Sanskrit. It is <>my belief that, except for the translation of passages from <>purely technical subjects, such as Chemistry, Botany, Medicine, <>Philosophy etc., this Dictionary will be useful to all readers of <>Sanskrit for translating any passage dealing with ordinary <>subjects. None is more conscious than myself of the defects [Page10] <>of the book, and of the mistakes or inaccuracies that might <>have crept into it, in spite of my vigilance; and when a second <>edition is prepared, I shall endeavour, to the best of my ability, <>to make the Dictionary complete in itself. I shall be very <>happy to receive any suggestions that readers may have to <>make and shall be but too willing to adopt them, if I find them <>useful. With these prefatory remarks I leave the work to the <>indulgent judgment of the public. <>

Poona, <>

June 11th, 1884. <>V. S. A. <>{@PUBLISHER'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.@} <>

The Publisher had hoped that the learned author would <>write a preface to this Edition; but unfortunately it was not to <>be. He was snatched away suddenly from amongst us by the <>cruel hand of death to the sincere regret of all lovers of Sanskrit <>learning. Therefore the present edition has had to suffer <>along with other works of his, the want of his finishing touch. <>However it is in some respects a consolation to think that Mr. <>Apte found time before his death to go carefully through the <>first Edition and to make the necessary corrections in it in the <>light of his riper studies. [Page11] <>{@DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT.@} <>(TO BE STUDIED BEFORE USING THE DICTIONARY.) <>

1. Words and their derivatives are arranged in the follow- <>-ing order: first the radical or primitive word, in all its different <>parts of speech; then compound words, arranged in alphabetical <>order; (in the case of verbs, such words as Break off, Turn out, <>are given as -off, -out); and then the derivatives which are <>always distinguished by a black dash; those formed regularly <>being given first, and the irregular ones, written fully, after <>them ({%see%} Ambition, Humble, Young.) <>

{%Note.%}-- This order is not regularly observed in the first <>three letters, compound words and derivatives being, in a few <>cases, both distinguished by black dashes. <>

2. In giving the terminations by which derivatives are <>formed, the changes which the final and initial letters undergo, <>{%e. g.%} the dropping. doubling or assimilation of letters are as- <>-sumed; the terminations being always given in their original <>form; {%see%} Cut, Hurry, Mature. <>

3. ({%a%}) A small black dash (-) marks the commencement <>of a new derivative. ({%b%}) A word preceded by a large black <>dash (-) indicates that the derivatives given after it, are from <>that word and {%not%} from the radical or primitive word; {%see%} Die, <>Dead. ({%c%}) A hyphen used in the middle of Sanskrit words <>indicates that each of the members separated by the hyphen is <>to be repeated with the word after it; or that the word after <>the hyphen is to be taken as an alternative for the word im- <>-mediately before it (to be, in some cases, decided by the context), <>{%e. g.%} in HAVE, {%l.%} 9, {#yathAkAmaM-svarucyA-vRt#} means {#yathAkAmaM vRt, svarucyA vRt;#} in <>PRACTICE, {%l.%} 3, {#nityavRttiH-caryA anuSThAnaM#} means {#nityavRttiH, nityacaryA, nityAnuSThAnaM.#} <>({%d%}) A hyphen followed by a comma (-,) indicates that the <>word after it may stand by itself or may be joined with the <>word before it; {%e. g.%} in PLACE {%l.%} 1, {#pra-, dezaH#} means the word is either <>{#dezaH#} or {#pradezaH;#} ({%e%}) A comma followed by a hyphen (,-) indicates <>that the word after it may be compounded with the word <>preceding it; {%e. g.%} in STAGE {%l.%} 1, {#raMgaH-, zAlA#} means the word is either <>{#raMgaH,#} or {#raMgazAlA.#} ({%fº%}) denotes that the word immediately before it <>which is separated by a comma, may be compounded with the <>words which it connects; {%e. g.%} {@PREVENT,@} {%l.%} 1 {#vR#} c.. {#ni-vini°,#} means <>the root is also {#nivR#} c. and {#vinivR#} c. [Page12] <>

4. In the case of substantives, the nominative case, wherever <>it could at once indicate the gender, has been given; the visarga <>thus indicates masculine gender, and anusva4ra neuter gender. <>Where the nominative is not indicative of the gender, it is <>given as {%m., f., n.,%} as the case may be. All substantives ending <>in consonants have their genders specified as {%m., f.,%} or {%n.%} <>

5. In the case of adjectives, the simple base only is given. <>The feminine of the majority of adjectives in {#a#} ends in, and <>adjectives ending in {#i, u#} have generally the same base for all <>genders. In all such cases the simple base is given, the genders <>being formed regularly according to similar substantive bases. <>Irregular feminines are denoted in brackets. ({%f.%}) Bases ending <>in {#t, n, s,#} form their feminine regularly in {#tI, nI, sI,#} <>

6. ({%a%}) In the case of verbs, the Arabic figure denotes the <>conjugation to which the root belongs; Pdenoting Parasmaipada, <>{@A@} Atmanepada, and U Ubhayapada (P & A.) Roots of the tenth <>conjugation belong to both Padas, theoretically at least; and <>hence 10 is used for all roots of this conjugation, though the <>Parasmaipada, unless where otherwise specified, should be <>generally preferred for use. ({%b%}) c. denotes causal, and is form- <>-ed from roots by making the same changes as in the <>10th conjugation. Wherever it cannot be formed by this <>general rule, it is shown in brackets. ({%e%}) {%D.%} means Denomina- <>-tives; here the 3rd pers. singular Present tense is given <>throughout. <>

7. All the derivatives from a word are not always given <>when they may be easily supplied; more especially, in the case <>of potential passive participles, formed by {#tavya, ya, anIya,#} past <>participles, present participles, verbal nouns, abstract nouns <>from adjectives, and adverbs from adjectives. Where there <>was any peculiarity in the formation of these derivatives, <>they are given; but in many cases the student will have to <>supply the forms, according to rules given in grammars. [Page1] <>{@THE <>STUDENT'S ENGLISH-SANSKRIT <>DICTIONARY.@} <>{@A.@} <>

{@A, An@} (As an article) not ex.; $(Aa (Bman$(B <(B>{#naraH.#} {@2@} (One) {#eka.#} {@3@} (Indefinite) {#kiM#} <>with {#cit, cana#} or {#api.#} {@4@} With part., <>ex. by dat. or inf.; $(Ase(Bt out a hunting$(B <(B>{#mRgayAyai#} or {#mRgayAM kartuM pratasthe;#} $(Afe(Bll a-weep- <>-ing$(B {(B#kraMdituM pravRttaH.#} {@5@} (Every) {#prati#} in <>comp., or by repetition of word; <>$(A10(B0 Rs. a day$(B {(B#pratidinaM#} or {#dine dine <>zatarUpakaM.#} {@6@} (Species) {#vizeSaH, bhedaH,#} <>in comp.; $(Ado(Bg is an animal$(B {(B#zvA <>prANivizeSaH.#} <>

{@Abandon,@} {%v. t.%} {#tyaj#} 1 P, {#hA#} 3 P, {#vi-ut- <>-sRj#} 6 P, {#ujjh#} 6 P, {#apAs#} 4 P, {#Ni#} 1 P, <>10, {#muc#} 6 P. {@-ed.@} {%a.%} {#tyakta, hIna, mukta#} <>&c. {@2@} {#pApAtman, bhraSTacarita;#} $(Ahe(B was a. <>to his fate$(B {(B#daivAdhInaH kRtaH, yadbhAvi tadbha- <>-vatu ityuktvA sa parityaktaH.#} {@-ment,@} {%s.%} <>{#tyAgaH, utsargaH;#} $(Aa.(B of worldly con- <>-nections$(B {(B#saMnyAsaH, virakti#} {%f.%} <>

{@Abase,@} {%v. t.%} {#abhibhU#} 1 P, {#svasthAnAt nipat#} <>c., {#apakRS#} 1 P, {#laghUkU#} 8 U. {@-ment,@} {%s.%} <>{#apakarSaH, abhibhavaH, mAnabhaMgaH, avajn~AnaM.#} <>

{@Abash,@} {%v. t.%} {#lajj#} c., {#nhI#} c. ({#hepayati#}), <>{#trap#} c. ({#trapayati.#}) {@-ed.@} {%a.%} {#lajjita, trapita, <>vilakSa, vrIDita, hIparigata;#} $(Awi(Bth an a. <>countenance$(B {(B#mrapAdhomukha#} ({#khI#} {%f.%}). <>

{@Abate,@} {%v. t.%} {#has#} c, {#laghayati#} (D.), {#zam#} c. <>({#zamayati#}). {@2@} (price) {#nyUnIkR#} 8 U; <>{#avasad#} c. {%-v. i.%} {#kSi#} pass., {#has#} 1 P; {#pra- <>-upa-zam#} 4 P. {@-ment,@} {%s.%} {#nyUnIkaraNaM; <>hAsaH, kSa{??}#} <>

{@Abbacy,@} {%s.%} {#maThAdhIza-padaM-tvaM.#} <>

{@Abbey,@} {%s.%} {#vihAraH, maThaH.#} <>

{@Abbot,@} {%s.%} {#maThAdhyakSaH, vihArasya pradhAnapuruSaH.#} <>{@-Abbess,@} {%s.%} {#maThAdhyakSA, vihArapAlinI.#} <>

{@Abbreviate,@} {%v. t.%} {#saM-pratisaM-hR#} 1 P, {#saMkSIpU#} <>6 P, {#samas#} 4 P, {#{??}has#} c. - {@ion,@} {%s.%} {#saMkSepA- <>-paNaM.#} <>

{@Abdicate,@} {%v.%} {#rAgyaM#} or {#pavaM tyaj#} 1 P or <>{#apAs#} 4 P or {#kSip#} 6 P. {@-ion,@} {%s.%} {#pada- <>-tyAgaH, adhikAratyAgaH, svecchayA parityAgaH.#} <>

{@Abdomen,@} {%s.%} {#udaraM, kukSi#} {%m.%} <>

{@Abduct,@} {%v. t.%} {#apahR#} 1 P. {@-ion,@} {%s.%} {#apaharaNaM, <>apahAraH.#} <>

{@Aberration,@} {%s.%} {#bhraMzaH, cyuti#} {%f.,%} {#bhreSaH, patha- <>-bhraSTatA;#} $(Aa.(B of mind$(B {(B#citta#} or {#mati-bhramaH.#} <>

{@Abet,@} {%v. t.%} {#pravRt#} c., {#protsah#} c. {@2@} {#upakR#} 8 U, <>{#sAhAyyaM kR.#} {@-tor,@} {%s.%} {#pravartakaH, protsAhakaH.#} <>

{@Abeyance,@} {%s.%} {#vilaMSaH, vyAkSepaH.#} <>

{@Abhor,@} {%v. t.%} {#gup#} desid. ({#jugupsate#}), {#badh#} <>desid. ({#bIbhatsate#}), (with abl.) {#garh#} 1, <>10 A, {#vidviS#} 2 U. {@-rence,@} {%s.%} {#jugupsA, <>bIbhatsA, garhA, vidveSaH.#} {@-rent,@} {%a.%} {#jAta- <>-vidveSa.#} {@2@} {#viruddha, ayukta, viparIta.#} <>

{@Abide,@} {%v. i.%} {#ghas#} 1 P, {#sthA#} 1 P, {#vRt#} 1 A. <>{%-v. t.%} (Wait for) {#pratIkS#} 1 A, {#pratipAl#} <>10. {@2@} (Eudure) {#sah#} 1 A, {#kSam#} 1 A, <>4 P, {#tij#} desid. ({#titikSate#}); $(Aa.(B by$(B <(B>{#sthA#} (loc.), {#anuvRt; kasyAnyasya vA vacasi <>mayA sthAtavyaM#} (Ka. 156); $(A{@(BI@} shall a. <>by your decision$(B {(B#tava nirNayamanuvartiSye, <>nirNayAnurodhena ghartiSye, nirNaye sthAspAmi;#} <>$(Aa.(B s by his promise$(B {(B#pratijn~AM-abhisaMdhAM- <>-pAlayati.#} {@-ing,@} {%a.%} {#sthAyin; anuvartin.#} <>

{@Abject,@} {%a.%} {#adhama, apa-ni-kRSTa, kRpaNa, nIca, <>tiraskArya,#} {%See%} {@Mean. -ness,@} {%s.%} {#adhamatA, <>kArpaNyaM.#} <>

{@Abjure,@} {%v. t.%} {#sazapathaM tyaj#} 1 P. {@2@} {#patyAkhyA#} <>2 P. {@-ation,@} {%s.%} {#sazapathaH tyAgaH.#} <>

{@Ablative,@} {%s.%} {#paMcamI vibhakti#} {%f.%} <>

{@Ablaze,@} {%a.%} {#jvalat, ujjvala, pradIpta.#} [Page2] <>

{@Able,@} {%a.%} {#samartha, kSama, zakta; karmakSama, alaM- <>-karmINa.#} {@2@} {#prabala, balavat. zaktimat.#} {@3@} {#pabu, <>nipuNa;#} $(Ato(B be a.$(B {(B#zak#} 5 P, {#pR#} c., or {#pAi#} <>10 U, {#utsah#} 1 A, {#prabhU#} 1 P, with inf.; <>{#alaM#} with inf. or dat. of noun; $(Aa.(B to <>protect$(B {(B#rakSituM-rakSaNAya-alaM, prabhavati#} &c. <>{@-Ability,@} {%s.%} {#zakti#} {%f.,%} {#balaM, sAmarthyaM.#} {@2@} <>{#pATavaM, vaicakSaNyaM; karmakSamatA.#} {@3@} {#dhIzakti#} {%f.,%} <>{#matyutkaSaH, mati#} {%f.,%} {#buddhi#} {%f.;%} $(Ato(B the best <>(utmost) of one's a.$(B {(B#yathAzakti, yAva- <>-cchakyaM, sarvaprayatnaiH.#} {@-Ably,@} {%adv.%} {#nipuNaM, <>kuzalatayA.#} <>

{@Ablution,@} {%s.%} {#prakSAlanaM, dhAvanaM; snAnaM, majjanaM.#} <>

{@Abnegation,@} {%s.%} {#pratyAkhyAnaM, saMyamaH, nigrahaH;#} <>$(Ase(Blf-a.$(B {(B#AtmasaMyamaH, iMdriyanigrahaH.#} {@2@} <>{#apa-ni-hnavaH.#} <>

{@Abnormal,@} {%a.%} {#aniyata, niyamaviruddha, apUrva, <>vilakSaNa.#} <>

{@Aboard,@} {%adv.%} {#adhinu;#} $(Ago(B a.$(B {(B#nAvamadhiruh#} <>1 P. <>

{@Abode,@} {%s.%} {#gRhaM, vezman#} {%n.,%} {#nivAsaH, nilayaH, <>AlayaH, vasati#} {%f., See%} {@House. 2@} {#padaM, <>AspadaM, sthAnaM, bhAjanaM;#} $(Ari(Bches are the <>a. of calamities$(B {(B#saMpadaH padaM#} ({#AspadaM#}) <>{#ApadAM.#} <>

{@Abolish,@} {%v. t.%} {#vilup,#} c., {#niras#} 4 U; {#svaMD#} <>10. {@2@} {#naz#} {%c.,%} {#utsad#} c., {#ucchid#} 7 P. <>{@-Abolition,@} {%s.%} {#lopaH.#} {@2@} {#nAzaH, ucchedaH, <>nivartanaM, khaMDanaM.#} <>

{@Abominate,@} {%v. t.%} {#dviS#} 2 U, {#garh#} 1, 10 A; <>{%See%} {@Abhor. -ion,@} {%s.%} {#garhA, vidveSaH.#} {@2@} <>{#azuddhadravyaM, kutsAspada.#} {@-Abominable,@} {%a.%} <>{#dveSya, garhaNIya, garhita.#} {@2@} {#jugupsAkara#} ({#rI#} {%f.%}). <>

{@Aboriginal,@} {%a.%} {#Adya, Adima, pUrvakAlIna.#} <>

{@Aborigines,@} {%s.%} {#AdimavAsinaH#} (pl.). <>

{@Abortion,@} {%s.%} {#garbhamrAvaH pAtaH;#} $(Ato(B cause a.$(B <(B>{#bhrUNahatyAM kR#} 8 U. $(Aca(Busing a.$(B {(B#bhrUNahatyA.#} <>{@-Abortive,@} {%a.%} {#garbhasrAvin, apUrNakAla.#} {@2@} <>{#akAlakRta, niSphala, mogha, vyartha#} (as an <>attempt.). <>

{@Abound,@} {%v. i.%} (with, in) {#sakRR-pRR#} pass., <>or by {#bahu, bhUyiSTha,#} in comp.; {#bhUyiSThavRkSaM <>vanaM; ghahukautukaH sa dezaH#} $(Aa.(B s in <>curiosities.$(B {(B@-ing,@} {%a.%} {#ADhya, saMkIrNa, <>Akula, prAya,#} in comp. {@-Abundant,@} {%a.%} <>{#pahula, prabhUta, pracura, vipula, bhUri.#} {@-ly,@} {%adv.%} <>{#bahuzaH, anekavAraM, vipulaM.#} {@-Abundance,@} <>{#bahulyaM, prAvuryaM.#} <>

{@About,@} {%prep.%} {#pari; pari-i#} $(Ago(B a.$(B &(Bc. <>{@2@} {#dezIya#} (with numerals); $(Aa.(B five <>years old$(B {(B#paMcavarSadezIyaH.#} {@3@} (Regard- <>-ing) {#Adhekatya, prati, uddizya; saMbaddha- <>-amaviddha gata-vivate#} in comp.; $(AI (Bask a. <>my friend$(B {(B#mitragataM pRcchAmi; parAjayA- <>-nuviddhA AlApAH#} &c. {@4@} {#kRte, arthe, arthaM, <>hetoH.#} {@5@} {#paritaH, abhitaH,#} (acc.); {#samIpaM, <>samIpe, pArzvataH, nikaTe,#} (gen.). {@6@} <>(Nearly) with numerals {#upa, Asanna, <>adUra,#} in comp; {#upacaturAH#} $(Aa.(B four$(B. (B<>{@-adv.@} (Showing prospective fut.) <>ex. by fut. part., {#unmukha#} ({#khI#} {%f.%}), <>{#udyata, Asanna,#} or desid.; {#anuyAsyan <>munitanayAM#} (S. 1) $(Aa.(B to follow$(B &(Bc.; <>{#jighAMsyamAno naraH#} $(Aa.(B to be killed$(B; (B<>{#AsannamaraNaH#} $(Aa.(B to die$(B; (B{#Asannaganya- <>-nAzaH#} $(Ba.(B to lose the realm$(B. (B{@2@} {#prAya- <>-kalpa,#} in comp.; $(Ait(B is a. noon$(B {(B#madhyAhra- <>-prAyaH-kalpaH samayaH;#} $(Awh(Bat are you a.$(B <(B>{#kiM kartumudyatosi, kiMkAryavyagrosi, kimAraMbha- <>-stvaM.#} {@3@} {#paritaH, abhitaH.#} {@4@} {#itastataH, sthA- <>-nAtsthAnaM.#} <>

{@Above,@} {%adv.%} {#adhi#} or {#abhi#} pr.; {#upari, upa- <>-riSTAt, UrdhvaM;#} $(Aju(Bst a.$(B {(B#uparyupari#} (acc.) <>{%-a.%} {#prAgukta, pUrvanirdiSTa.#} {%-prep.%} {#upari#} <>(gen.); {#ati#} pr; {#adhika, uttara, viziSTa,#} <>(abl.); $(Aa.(B calculation$(B {(B#atisaMkhya;#} <>$(Ahe(B stands a. all$(B {(B#sa sarveSAM mUrdhni tiSThati;#} <>$(Aa.(B mentioned$(B {(B#pUrvokta, prAgukta;#} $(Ato(B be <>a.$(B {(B#UrdhvaM sthA#} 1 P, {#abhibhU#} 1 P, {%See%} <>{@Excel.@} <>

{@Abrade,@} {%v. t.%} {#gharSaNena kSi#} 1 P. {@-Abrasion.@} <>{%s.%} {#gharSaNena kSayaH.#} <>

{@Abreast,@} {%adv.%} {#pArzvApArzvi.#} <>

{@Abridge,@} {%v. t.%} {#saMkSip#} 6 P, {#samas#} 4 P, {#saMgnah#} <>9 P. {@-ment,@} {%s.%} {#saMkSepaH, sAraH, saMgrahaH#} &c. <>

{@Abroad,@} {%adv.%} {#videze, dezAMtaraM.#} {@2@} {#bahiH#} <>(abl.). {@3@} (Widely) {#sarvatra, dUraM;#} <>$(Aca(Bsting a. his rays$(B {(B#dUraprasAritakaraH#} <>({#sUryaH#}); $(Ali(Bve a.$(B {(B#pravas#} 1 P; $(Ago(B a.$(B <(B>{#prasR#} 1 P, {#bahulIbhU#} 1 P, {#prakAzatAM gam#} 1 P, <>{#prakAzIbhU#} 1 P, {#nirgam#} 1 P; $(Ath(Be dread- <>-ful vow became known a.$(B {(B#sA dAruNA <>pratijn~A loke prasiddhAbhUt, loke prakAzatAM <>gatA.#} <>

{@Abrogate,@} {%See%} {@Abolish.@} <>

{@Abrupt,@} {%a.%} {#viSama,#} ({#prapAtaH#}). {@2@} {#Akasmika#} <>({#kI#} {%f.%}), {#asaMbaMdha, akAMDa.#} {@-ly,@} {%adv.%} <>{#ekapade, sahasA, akasmAt.#} <>

{@Abscess,@} {%s.%} {#vidradhiH; sphoTaH, vraNaH-NaM.#} <>

{@Abscond,@} {%v. i.%} {#pracchanna#} {%a.%} {#bhU#} 1 P, {#AtmAnaM <>guh#} 1 U or {#pracchanna#} 10, {#aMtardhA#} pass. {@2@} <>{#palAy#} 1 A, {#vyapasp#} 1 P, {#apakam#} 1 U, 4P. <>

{@Absent,@} {%a.%} {#avartamAna, avidyamAna, anupasthita, <>sthAnAMtaragata.#} {@2@} {#proSita.#} {@3@} (In mind) <>{#hRdayena asannihita, zUnya-hRdaya-mAnasa;#} $(Ato (B<>be a.$(B {(B#sthAnAMtare vRt#} 1 A, {#na upasthA#} 1 U. <>{@-ce,@} {%s.%} {#anupasthitaH, pravAsin#} {%m.%} {#proSitaH.#} [Page3] <>{@-Absence,@} {%s.%} {#anupasthiti#} {%f.,%} {#asannidhi#} {%m.%} <>{#parokSaM, parokSatA.#} {@2@} (Non-existence) <>{#abhAvaH.#} {@3@} {#virahaH, viyogaH;#} $(Ain(B one's a.$(B <(B>{#parokSe;#} $(Aa.(B of mind$(B {(B#zUnyamanaskatA, zUnya- <>-hRdayatvaM. anavadhAnaM, vigatacetanatvaM.#} <>

{@Absolute,@} {%a.%} {#saMpUrNa, paryApta.#} {@2@} {#nitya, parama.#} <>{@3@} (Not relative) {#kevala, mAtraka, ananya- <>-saMyaddha.#} {@4@} {#parama, uttama, zreSTha.#} {@5@} {#aniyata, <>niryaMtraNa, svAdhInaH#} $(Aa.(B king$(B {(B#samrAj#} {%m.,%} <>{#adhirAjaH.#} {@-ly,@} {%adv.%} {#sarvathA, sarvazaH, kevalaM, <>ekAMtataH.#}