<><H1>{@VOLUME ONE@} 
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<><H>{#a#} 
 
<><P>.{#a#}^1Ś (a) the first letter of the Deva1gari1 alphabet.  All {%Aks2arasma1- 
<>-mna1yas%} being with it. cf.  S4ivSu1.  (Gr.) 1. The Nandika1s4i. on it (vv. 3--9) 
<>gives its mystic significance {##} v. 3; {##}- 
<>-{##} v. 4; {##} v. 9; its first position {##} 
<>{##} BhagGi1. 10. 33; begins all the Ma1tr2ka1s {##} 
<>{##} CamatCan. 3. 10; {##} Pa1ar1Tri. 
<>193. 20; {##} Tantra1bhi. vi. 41. 3; {##} 
<>Lalita1SaBh. 125. 17 ({%on%} 167); this gave rise to the idea of identifying {##} 
<>with various gods like Vis2n2u, cf.  -{@10a@} {%m.%} 
 
<><P>.{#a#}^2Ś (a) a central mid vowel of Sanskrit vocalism; the most frequent 
<>phoneme in the language betraying is multiple origin, IE. e, o, a, n, me 
<>and 3 before y; usually called {%a-ka1ra,%} AitBr. 25. 7 (668); AitA1. ii. 3. 6; 
<>iii. 2. 3; JaimiUBr. iv. 13. 4; iv. 13. 8; TaiPra1ti. 1. 16; 22. 4; Va1jaPra1ti. 1. 37; 
<>defined by Ka1t. in Va1r.  {##} on P. iii. 3. 108; P. uses the techinical 
<>term {%at;%} its phonetic value is stated in P. viii. 4. 68 which describes it as 
<>close [e] which replaces the open sound [v] used in the metalanguage of 
<>grammar, {##} 
<>Maha1Bh. iii. 465. 17 ({%on%} P. viii. 4. 68); {##} 
<>Maha1Bh. i. 15. 14 ({%on%} S4ivSu1.  (Gr.) 1); it stands for all its 18 varieties {##} 
<>{##} Maha1Bh. i. 18. 23 ({%on%} S4ivaSu1.  (Gr.) 1); {##} 
<>{##} Ca1ndra VaSu1. 38; a nasalized 
<>form is used in P. i. 3. 2 as an {%it%} probably because Skt. has no distinctive 
<>nasal vowels; extended to S4ivSu1.  (Gr.) 6; {##} PadMan5. 
<>{%on%} Ka1s4iVr2.  {%on%} P. i. 3. 2; while enumerating consonants {##} is added which 
<>is said to be {%ucca1ran2a1rtha%} {##} Siddha1Kau. 2B. 4; used 
<>to state roots when compounded in P.'s su1tras; a nasalized a5 is used in 
<>the Dha1tupa1t2ha; in the tenth {%gan2a%} (Dha1tuPa1. x. 307-367) {%a%} prevents 
<>{%gan2a%} or {%vr2ddhi%} of the preceding syallable. 
 
<><P>.{#a#}^3Ś (a) the pronomical base ({%as4%} in P.ii. 4. 32; ii. 4. 33) as found in the 
<>Vedic forms {%aya1, ayoh2;%} and also in later language in {%asmai, asma1t, asya, 
<>asmin, asyai, asya1h2, asya1m;%} in {%atra%} and {%atah2%} (P.'s substitute for etad) 
<>[IE. e, etymologically present in words like {%asau, adah, adya, aha%} etc. 
<>Pok. 283; TURN. 1.] 
 
<><P>.{#a#}^4Ś (a) verbal augment in the past tenses including conditional (P. 
<>vi. 4. 71) is always accented; Veda shows forms with and without this 
<>augment [IE. e. originally an independent element expressing the past 
<>sense, Pok, 283.] 
 
<><P>.{#a#}^5Ś (a) negative particle [IE n2~ne, Pok. 757.] called {%nan5%} (P. vi. 3. 73) 
<>before words beginning with consonants, but {%as%} before vowels; an oft cited 
<>stanza (attributed to Hari in ParaLaMan5. p. 123) gives six shades of 
<>meaning of negation {##} 
<>{##} (cited in Vaiya1Bhu1Sa1. p. 515), illustrated as {%abra1h. 
<>man2ah2%} 'like a Brahmin' (Na1g.  {##}) {%apa1pam%} 
<>'absence of sin', {%anarivah2%} 'other than a horse' (Na1g.  {##} 
<>{##}), {%anudara1 kanya1%} 'a girl with slender belly', {%apas4avo va1 
<>anye%} 'all others (than the cow and the horse) are unworthy of being called 
<>animals' (Na1g.  {##}), {%adharmah2%} 'con- 
<>-trary to merit, demerit'; in some Bahuvri1his it develops an emphatic sense 
<>cf.  {##} etc.; in few cases it has become 
<>synonymous with its opposite cf.  {#{@@}#} and {##} used before a 
<>vowel in {%a-r2nin%} (said to occur in Maha1Bha1.); {##} is compounded with 
<>nearly all other parts of speech to produce a negative compound; from the 
<>earliest days it was prefixed to nouns:  {%akratu4%} R2V. x. 83. 5; {%a4deva%} R2V. vi. 
<UL> 
<>17. 8; R2V. i. 32. 7; {%abhaga4%} AV. v. 31. 11; {%abra1hman2a%} Cha1ndoU. iv. 4. 5; 
<>{%apita1, ama1ta1, aloka, aveda%} BrA1raU. iv. 3. 22; {%anadhya1ya%} ManuSm. 2. 105; 
<>to adjectives {%a4dabhra%} R2V. iii. 47. 6; {%a4mu1ra%} R2V. viii. 74. 7; {%ati1ks2n2a, as4uci%} P. 
<>vi. 2. 161; to participles of all kinds {%a4ghnat%} R2V. vii. 20. 8; {%a4cynta%} R2V. i. 52. 2; 
<>{%advis2en2ya4%} R2V. i. 187. 3; {%a4da1s4vas%} R2V. vii. 19. 1; {%a4ks2i1yama1n2a%} R2V. iii. 26. 9; 
<>rarely to adverbs and particles {%aka4tra%} R2V. i. 120. 8; {%aprati1%} R2V. ii. 19. 4; 
<>{%apana1h2.%} AV. xx. 16. 10; {%amr2s2a1%} Br2A1raU. iii. 9. 28; {%asakr2t%} S4is4uVa. 6. 78; 
<>{%asa1mpratam%} Kuma1Sam3. 2. 55; to pronouns (P. vi. 1. 132) {##} 
<>{##} S4is4uVa. 1. 69; {##} Siddha1Kau. 39A. 4; to gerunds 
<>only after R2V.  {%a4dattva1%} AV. xii. 4. 19; {%a4nihatya%} AV. xii. 3. 44; {%a4bhr2tva1%} 
<>TaiS.  V. v. 1. 6; {%adr2st2va1%} Br2A1raU. i. 4. 16; {%alabhdhava%} Cha1ndoU. vi. 8. 2; 
<>{%akr2tva1%} S4is4uVa. w. 52; to infinitives {%apratis2t2tha1toh2%} Pan5cBr. xvi. 15. 9; {%asvaptum%} 
<>Pan5cBr. x. 4. 4; {%ansas4titum%} Cha1ndoU. iv. 10. 3; not generally compounded with 
<>finite forms; Va1r. 1. {%on%} P. vi. 3. 73 {##} is taken 
<>to justify forms like {%apacasi, akaros2i%} where there is no compound bu {##} is 
<>an independent word of negation, cf.  Nya1s. and PadMan5. on it; a few cases 
<>of compounds are {%ana1nupas4yet%} AitBr. 32. 5 (wrong reading?), {%apravaset%} 
<>SanatSu. 3. 20 (S4an3.  {##}); {%asprw2hayanti%} Bha1gP. iii. 25. 37; {%aghat2ate%} 
<>S4is4uVa. 15. 33; {%avis4i1ryate%} VasaViKa1. 7. 65; compounded with adjectives to 
<>emphasise the opposite meaning, a stylistic feature of late writers {##} 
<>{##} Kira1ta1. 4. 38; {##} Kira1ta1. 6. 19; {##} S4is4u- 
<>-Va. 3. 4; {##} Gan3ga1L. 34; two negatives made of {##} are 
<>rare {##} S4is4uVa. 6. 39; it has a metanalytic origin in {%asura, 
<>aka, apara, asita;%} read in {%Vis4va1mitra%} for S4les2a {##} Ra1ghPa1n. 
<>(Ka.) 1. 77 [BHSD {%a-, an-%}] 
 
<><P>.{#a#}^6Ś (a) interjection, included in {%ca1digan2a%} P. i. 4. 57; alos in {%svara1digan2a%} 
<>P. i. 1. 37; hence called {%avyaya;%} does not form sandhi with the following 
<>vowel, hence called {%pragr2hya%} P. i. 1. 14; various meanings like particle of 
<>address, scolding, pity and a mere padding or negation are given to it 
<>according to the context {##} 
<>{##} Gan2Ra. 1. 9 (24); {##} 
<>{##} Prasa1. i. 308. 12--13; example for {##} is 
<>usually {##} from Maha1Bh. i. 30. 5 ({%on%} S4ivSu1.  (Gr.) 5) onwards but 
<>the exact sense is not certain; as {%sam3bodhana%} P. i. 1. 41, Gan2Pa1. 85. 50; 
<>Kos4aKaTa. 2. 3018; PrakriKau. i. 308. 1; as {%bhartsana%} Siddha1Kau. 108.  A. 2 
<>(comm.  {##}); as {%anukampa1%} MediK. 1932;