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A SANSKRIT-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
-----------------------------

| WITH REFERENCES TO THE BEST EDITION
| OF SANSKRIT AUTHOR AND ETYMOLOGIES
| AND COMPARISONS OF COGNATE WORDS CHIEFLY IN
| GREEK, LATIN, GOTHIC AND ANGLO-SAXON
| THEODORE BENFEY 

PREFACE.
--------


| FOR some years past there has been no Sanskrit Dictionary available
| for the English student. The second edition of that by Wilson,
| published in 1831, has been long exhausted, as also Yates’ Abridg-
| ment, published in Calcutta in 1846. Dr. Goldstücker's excellent
| work has not yet reached the end of the first vowel, and the St.
| Petersburg Dictionary, by Messrs. Böhtlingk and Roth, besides being
| in German, has only just completed the letter \ *ph.*\ 

| The present work aims at supplying this long-felt want. It does
| not exceed the limits of one volume, but at the same time it is hoped
| that it contains all that the student is likely to require. It especially
| includes all the words occurring in the different Chrestomathies and
| Selections generally in use (as Lassen's Anthology, my own Chre-
| stomathy, Bopp's Nala, Johnson's Mahâbhârata Selections, &c.),
| and in the texts usually read by students, as the Hitopadeça, Pańcha-
| tantra, Manu's Laws, Çakuntalâ, Vikramorvaçî, Uttararâmacharita,
| Mâlatîmâdhava, and Meghadūta; but it is also believed to contain
| most of the words likely to occur in the general classical literature.
| It does not profess to contain the technical terms of the grammarians
| or philosophers, nor are purely Vaidik words included, except such
| as occur in the extracts given in the above-mentioned Chresto-
| mathies.

| References have been added to the greater part of the meanings,
| and sometimes explanations of passages also; but these latter are
| rarely introduced, for fear of swelling the volume beyond its proper
| size. For the same reason, compound words are generally printed
| in roman type, and arranged alphabctically under their last part.
| Thus the student must look for \ *a-maṅgala, au-am̄ça,*\  and \ *megha-dūta*\ 
| respectively under \ *maṅgala, am̄ça,*\  and \ *dūta.*\  The difficulty arising
| from this source will soon disappear with practice. If a word. as for 
| instance \ *chandraçekhara,*\  is not found under \ *ch,*\  its first component
| part \ *chandra*\  will be found; and the student has only to turn to the
| letter \ *ç*\  to find the remaining part \ *çekhara,*\  and under it in its place
| the very word he is in search of.

| For the same reason, feminies ending in \ *â, î, ū, ikâ,*\  are inserted
| under the corresponding masculines (where there are such) in \ *a, i,*\ 
| \ *ṛi, n, nt, ańch, as, u, aka;*\  while participles, participles used as sub-
| stantives, and absolutives are inserted under the verbs to which they
| belong.

| The etymology of every word is given, where ascertainable; but
| here also, to save space, abbreviations have been used. The several
| parts of a compound word are separated by hyphens, except in the
| case of the grammatical element, which is always preceded by + :
| thus, in p. 2, \ *a-karuṇa + tva*\  denotes that this word is compounded
| of \ *a*\  and \ *karuṇa,*\  with the affix \ *tva;*\  and similarly, in p. 397, \ *dâça-*\ 
| \ *rathi*\  is analysed as \ *daçaratha + i.*\ 

| As Sanskrit is also of the greatest use in the study of Comparative
| Grammar, I have added at the end of the principal articles the
| kindred words in the Greek, Latin, and German (particularly the
| Gothic and Anglo-Saxon) languages.

| I have availed myself of the valuable labours of my predecessors,
| especially the works, already mentioned, of Wilson, Goldstücker,
| Böhtlingk, and Roth (as far as published), besides the Çabdakal-
| padruma of Râja Râdhâkânta Deva, and the various glossaries which
| have been published for special books; but for the latter half some
| of there aids have failed me, and I have been chiefly left to my own
| resources. I must therefore crave the reader's indulgence for the
| deficiencies and shortcomings which he may discover.

| I cannot close this Preface without expressing my sincere thanks
| to Mr. E. B. Cowell and Professor Max Müller, for the assistance
| which they have rendered to me while carrying this work through
| the press.
| GÖTTINGEN: \ *Jan.*\  1, 1866. 

CONTRACTIONS AND SIGNS.
-----------------------


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   <table border="1">
    <tr><td>adhy. </td><td> adhyâya.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Amar. </td><td> Amaruçataka, ed. Calcutt.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ānandal. </td><td> Ānandalaharî, in Häberlin's Sanskrit Anthology.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Arj. </td><td> Arjunasamâgama, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>A.S. </td><td> Anglo-Saxon.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ātm. </td><td> Ātmanepada.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Aufr. Ujjvalad. </td><td> Ujjvaladatta, ed. Autrecht.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bhag. </td><td> Bhagavadgîtâ, ed. Schlegel.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bhâg. P. </td><td> Bhâgavata-Purâṇa, ed. Burnouf.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bhartṛ. </td><td> Bhartṛihari, ed. Bohlen.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bhâshâp. </td><td> Bhâshâparichchheda, in Bibliotheca Indica and in my Sanskrit Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bhaṭṭ. </td><td> Bhaṭṭikâvya, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bhavishyap. </td><td> Bhavishya-Purâṇa.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Böhtl. Chr. </td><td> Böhtlingk, Sanskrit Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Böhtl. Ind. Spr. </td><td> Böhtlingk. Indische Spr{??}che (Indian Sentences).</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Br. </td><td> Brockhaus.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Brâhmaṇ. and Brâhmaṇav. </td><td> Brâhmaṇavilâpa, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Brahmav. P. </td><td> Brahmavaivarta-Purâṇa, ed. Stenzler.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çâk. </td><td> Çâkuntala, ed. Böhtlingk.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çântiç. </td><td> Çântiçataka, in Häberlin's Sanskrit Anthology.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çârṅg. Paddh. </td><td> Çârṅgadhara-Paddhati (MSS. used by Böhtl.).</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çatr. </td><td> Çatrum̄jayamâhâtmya, ed. A. Weber.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Caus. </td><td> Causal.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Châṇ. </td><td> Châṇakya, published in Häberlin's Anthology, and by Weber in Berl. Monatsb. Hist. Phil. Cl., i. e. in ‘Monthly Reports of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, Class of History and Philology,’ 1864.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ch. </td><td> Chezy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Chât. </td><td> Châtaka, in Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlands, i. e. ‘Journal for the Knowledge of the Orient,’ vol. iv.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Chaur. and Chaurap. </td><td> Chaurapańchâçikâ, in Bohlen's ed. of Bhartṛ{??}ari.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Chr. </td><td> my Sanskrit Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çiç. </td><td> Çiçupâlavadha, 2. ed. Calc.; the ninth book in my Chr.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>ÇKD. </td><td> Çabdakalpadruma.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Comp. </td><td> Compound.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çṛiṅgârat. </td><td> Çṛiṅgâratilaks, ed. Gildemeister, in his edition of the Meghadūta.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çrut. and Çrutab. </td><td> Çrutabodha, ed. Brockhaus.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çukas. </td><td> Çukasaptati (MSS. of St. Petersburg).</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Çvet. Up. </td><td> Çvetâçvataropanishad, in Bibliotheca Indica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>d. </td><td> distich.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Daçak. </td><td> Daçakumâracharita, ed. Wilson, partly in my Chr.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Daçar. </td><td> Daça-Rūpa, ed. Fitz-Edward Hall.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>denomin. </td><td> denominative.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>desid. </td><td> desiderative.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Dev. </td><td> Devîmâhâtmya, ed. Poley.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Draup. </td><td> Draupadîpramâtha, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>frequent. </td><td> frequentative.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ghaṭ. </td><td> Ghaṭakarpara, ed. Cale.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Gît. </td><td> Gîtagovinda. ed. Lassen.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Goth. </td><td> Gothic.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Gött. Gel. Anz. </td><td> Göttinger Gelebrte Anzeigen, i. e. ‘Scientific Reports published in Göttingen.’ </td></tr>
    <tr><td>Govardh. Āryas. </td><td> Govardhana Āryasaptati, ed. Soma Nath Mookerjea.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Grammar. </td><td> Grammarians.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Häb. and Häberl. Chr. or Anth. </td><td> Kâvya Sangraha, ‘A Sanskrit Anthology,’ by John Häberlin.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Hariv. </td><td> Harivam̄ça, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Hiḍ. </td><td> Hiḍimbavadha, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Hit. </td><td> Hitopadeça, ed. of Lassen, and when followed by M.M., that of Max Müller. When followed by two Arabian numerals, the first denotes the page, the second the line; when followed by a Roman and Arabian numeral, the first denotes the book, the second the distich.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Icel. </td><td> Icelandic.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Indr. </td><td> Indralokâgamana, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Johns. Sel. </td><td> Johnson's Selections from the Mahâbhârata.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kâm. and Kâmand. Nîtis. </td><td> Kâmandakîya Nîtisâra, in Bibliotheca Indica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kathâs. </td><td> Kathâsaritsâgara, ed. Brockhaus.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kâvya Prak. </td><td> Kâvya Prakaça, 2. ed. Calcutta, 1865.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kir. and Kirât. </td><td> Kirâtârjunîya, 2. ed. Calc., 1846, and the fifth book in my Chr.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kull. </td><td> Kullūka Schol. ed. Man.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kumâras. </td><td> Kumârasam̄bhava, ed. Stenzler.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kusumâńj. </td><td> Kusumâńjali, ed. Cowell.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Lalit. </td><td> Lalitavistara, in Bibliotheca Indica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Lass. </td><td> Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Lass. Pent. </td><td> Lassen, Commentatio de Pentapotamia Indica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Lat. </td><td> Latin.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mahâv. </td><td> Mahâvîracharita, ed. Trithen.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mâlat. </td><td> Mâlatîmâdhava, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mâlav. </td><td> Mâlavikâgnimitra, ed. Tullberg.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Man. </td><td> Mânavadharmaçâstra, ed. Haughton and Lois. (i. e. Loiseleur Deslongchamps). Where there is a numeral in brackets, it denotes the verse of Jones’ translation.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mârk. P. </td><td> Mârkaṇḍeya-Purâṇa, in Bibliotheca Indica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Matsyop. </td><td> Matsyopâkhyâna, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>MBh. </td><td> Mahâbhârata, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Megh. </td><td> Meghadūta, ed. Gildemeister. </td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mit. </td><td> Mitâksharâ, ed. Calc., 1829.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mṛichchh. </td><td> Mṛichchhakaṭikâ, ed. Stenzler.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Mudrâr. </td><td> Mudrârâkshasa, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Naish. </td><td> Naishadhacharita, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Nal. </td><td> Nala, an episode of the MBh. ed. Bopp.; a numeral in brackets denotes Böhtlingk's ed. in his Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Nalod. </td><td> Nalodya, ed. Benary.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>N.H.G. </td><td> New High German.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>N.N.L. </td><td> New Netherlandis or Dutch.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Nyây. S. </td><td> Nyâya-Sūtrâṇi of Gotama, ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>O.H.G. </td><td> Old High German.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>O.N. </td><td> Old Norse.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Padmap. </td><td> Padma-Purâṇa, ed. Wollheim.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Pâṇ. </td><td> Pâṇini, ed. Böhtlingk.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Pańch. </td><td> Pańchatantra, ed. Kosegarten; the numerals are used on the same system as in Hit. When there is added ‘ed. orn.,’ it denotes the fragment of the recensio ornatior, published by Kosegarten.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Par. </td><td> Parasmaipada.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Part. </td><td> particle.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Pr. </td><td> prologue.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Prab. </td><td> Prabodhachandrodaya, ed. Brockhaus.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Prâkṛ. </td><td> Prâkṛit.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ragh. </td><td> Raghuvaffiça, ed. Stenzler.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Râgh. </td><td> Râghavânanda, Sch. ad Man.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Râjat. </td><td> Râjataraṅgiṇî, ed. Troyer, the fifth book in my Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Râm. </td><td> Râmâyaṇa, the two first books after the ed. of Schlegel; when that of Gorresio is meant, there is added Gorr.; the remaining books after Gorresio's.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ratnâv. </td><td> Ratnâvalî, 2. ed. Calc.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Rigv. </td><td> Rigveda.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ṛit. </td><td> Ṛitusam̄hâra, ed. Bohlen, the first chapter also in Lass., the sixth in my Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Sâh. D. </td><td> Sâhitya Darpaṇa, in Bibliotheca Indica.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Sâṅkhya Aph. </td><td> Sâṅkhya Sūtras, in Hall's ed. of Saṅkhya Pravachana Bhâshya in Bibl. Ind.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Sâv. </td><td> Sâvitryupâkhyâna, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Siddh. K. </td><td> Siddhântakaumudi, ed. Calc., 4to.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Siddh. Mukt. </td><td> Siddhânta Muktâvali, ed. Roër in Bibl. Ind. </td></tr>
    <tr><td>Skandap. Kâçikh. </td><td> Kâçikhaṇḍa, a part of the Skanda-Purâṇa (MSS.).</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Somadev. Nal. </td><td> Somadeva's Nala, published by Brockhaus.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Ssk. and Sskr. </td><td> Sanskrit.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Suçr. </td><td> Suçruta, ed. Calc.; the first numeral denotes the vol., the second the page, the third the line.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Sund. </td><td> Sundopasundopâkhyâna, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Swed. </td><td> Swedish.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Upak. </td><td> Upakoça, an episode of the Kathâs., ed. Brockhaus.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Utt. Râmach. </td><td> Uttara Râmacharita, 2. ed. Calc., 1862.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Varâh. Bṛih. </td><td> Varâhamihira's Bṛihajjâtaka.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Varâh. Bṛih. S. </td><td> Varâhamihira's Bṛihatsam̄hitâ.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Vârt. </td><td> Vârtika.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Vedântas. </td><td> Vedântasâra, in my Chrestomathy.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Vikr. </td><td> Vikramorvaçî, ed. Bollensen. </td></tr>
    <tr><td>Vop. </td><td> Vopadeva, ed. Böhtlingk.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Web. Ind. St. </td><td> Weber, Indische Studien, i. e. ‘Essaya concerning India.’</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Yâjń. </td><td> Yâjńavalkya, ed. Stenzler.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Yogas. </td><td> Yogasūtrâṇi, ed. Allahabed, 1852-53.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>† </td><td> denotes verbs or meanings for which there are no authoritative references.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>' </td><td> when before, denotes that the word occurs only as latter part of a compound; when after, as former.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>º </td><td> denotes abbreviations, which may be easily supplied from the context.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>- </td><td> denotes, in the etymological analysis, elements which are to be found in the dictionary; in comp. that the word which is the subject of the article must be supplied, as e.g. 1, A, 8, after <i>An</i>- must be added <i>am̄ça</i>; 51, B, 10 bel., before -<i>paṇa</i> must be added <i>ardha</i>.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>+ </td><td> denotes grammatical elements of a word.</td></tr>
    <tr><td>* </td><td> denotes fictitious forms. </td></tr>
   </table>